A. One lion species splits to form two lion species over geological time.

B. The same trait evolves independently in two different taxa (e.g. wings in birds and in insects).

C. As a result of their activities, humans drive Dodos (a bird species) extinct.

D. Over a short period of time, the frequency of a single gene declines from 10 to 8%.

A. Almost all modern reptiles, birds and mammals have forelimbs, a trait they also share with contemporary amphibians.

B. The first birds and all their descendant species have feathers, a trait that is unknown in any other group.

C. Humans and many insect species have eyes.

D. All of the above.

A. The dark form of many moth species has increased in areas darkened by pollution.

B. Penicillin resistant forms of bacteria have arisen since the introduction of antibiotics.

C. The proportion of left and right bending moths in cichlid fish remains roughly 50:50.

D. The last American eagle dies off, leading to the extinction of the species.

A. Male peacocks evolve tail feathers that would appear to make them more rather than less vulnerable to predators.

B. Male deer evolve antlers that are not used to defend themselves against predators.

C. A bird issues a warning cry that puts it at greater risk of being noticed by a predator.

D. Some traits appear to have no adaptive value.

A. The first fish species and every living organism that looks like a fish

B. The first mammal species and all its descendants.

C. The first bird species and all its descendants.

D. All of the above.

A. Monera

B. Protista.

C. Animalae.

D. All of the above.

A. Size

B. Size

C. Speed of evolutionary processes such as mutation.

D. All of the above.

A. Organisms that look alike may be very distantly related to one another.

B. Similarities between two species may be due to common descent, without indicating how closely the two are related to one another.

C. A and B only.

D. The presence of a shared derived character state is often misleading when it comes to inferring relationships between species .

A. Sunfish and dolphins.

B. Tree frogs and snakes.

C. Vampire bats and birds.

D. Bears and whales.

A. Large beak size occurred as a result of mutation in each member of the population.

B. The ancestors of this bird species encountered a tree with larger than average sized seeds. They needed to develop larger beaks in order to eat the larger seeds, and over time, they adapted to meet this need.

C. Some members of the ancestral population had larger beaks than others. If larger beak size was advantageous, they would be more likely to survive and reproduce. As such, large beaked birds increased in frequency relative to small beaked birds.

D. The ancestors of this bird species encountered a tree with larger than average sized seeds. They discovered that by stretching their beaks, the beaks would get longer, and this increase was passed on to their offspring. Over time, the bird beaks became larger.